Efficacy
of Baker Yeast in Ameliorating Aflatoxicosis in Broiler Chicks Fed Aflatoxin-Contaminated
Diet
M. Bushwereb, A. Kerban, M.
Elraghig and H. Sola
Dept. of Animal Physiology,
Biochemistry and Nutrition. Faculty of Veterinary, University of Tripoli, Libya
ABSTRACT
A
total of 500 days-old Ross chicks with an average live weight of 53 g were used
p to evaluate the effects of (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) backer yeast (BY) with
or without Oxytetracycline (OTC) on the performance and nutrient digestibility
of growing broiler chicks given contaminated aflatoxin (AFB1) basal diet. Birds
were equally divided into five dietary treatment groups. Each group had 100
birds in five replicates (cages) and was assigned to one of the five dietary
treatments in a randomized complete block design experiment. Treatments
consisted of a control group maize-soybean meal basal diet and four test groups
with aflatoxin AFB1(1% of moldy rice), AFB1 + baker yeast BY (0.003g/kg),
AFB1+OTC ( 2.4g/Kg), and AFB1+BY+OTCþ respectively.
Feed and water were provided ad libitum. Supplementation of BY and OTC or both
BY+OTC was not statistically significant on feed intake between treatments
during the 42 days experiment however, feed intake tended to be the lowest for
the control group. Baker yeast and oxytetracycline added to the aflatoxin-containing
diet significantly improved gain body weight; feed conversion ratio and
digestibility of protein, fat and nitrogen-free extract efficiency, no
significant differences were observed for fiber digestibility. Results of this
research revealed that baker yeast as well oxytetracycline added to the
aflatoxin containing diet improved the performance as well the digestibility of
nutrients in broiler chickens. In general, The principal finding from this
research is that the baker yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) added to the
aflatoxin contaminated diet in broiler diets could significantly relieve the
negative effect of AFB1 on chicken's production performance and nutrient
digestibility.
Keywords: Aflatoxin, baker yeast
(Saccharomyces cerevisiae), performance, apparent digestibility, feed
conversion ratio; gain body weight.
INTRODUCTION
The
presence of fungal toxins in the feed is one of the main problems faced by the
poultry industry because of the harmful effects of these toxins on the
productivity of poultry (Zhang and Caupert, 2012). The harmful effect observed
on poultry health, including poor performance ( Magnoli et al., 2011;
Rosa et al., 2012 and Forte et al., (2015); Liu et al,. 2018), liver and kidney
lesions (Ortatatli et al., 2005; Oliveiraa, et al,. 2015), immunity damage
(Marin et al., 2002; Keller et al., 2012; Forte et al., (2015); Liu et al.,
2018), liver fibrosis and carcinogenic (Girish & Devebowda, 2006), loss of
appetite, depression, bleeding, diarrhea and death (Zghini et al., 2005; Denli
and O'Kan, 2006) decrease in egg production (Denli et al., 2004; Girish &
Devebowda, 2006; Uttpatel et al., 2011) and hematology problems (Zhao et al.,
2010). Effects of exposure to aflatoxin in large quantities may lead to
mortality, but in the case of low levels of pollution is harmful if given to
the animal over a long period (Ghahri et al., 2010; Yunus et al., 2011).
Aflatoxins, a group of closely related and biologically active fungal toxins
are produced by metabolites produced by some strains of
Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Among the known
mycotoxins, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most potent hepatotoxic and
immunosuppressive in poultry (Martinez-de-Anda et al., 2010). Several
detoxification strategies have been proposed-disrupting the activity of
contaminated fungal toxins such as physical separation, thermal inhibition,
irradiation, bacterial degradation and treatment with a variety of chemicals.
The approach has been suggested to detoxify fungal toxins contaminated food
such as bentonite, calcium, and sodium hydroxide aluminosilicate, zeolite,
activated carbon, inorganic absorbent substances, and a mixture of organic
acids and aluminosilicates have shown significant results in detoxification of
aflatoxin in feed (Li et al. 2014; Lala et al. 2016).
There
are many living organism strains used for detoxification purposes (Onifade,
1998), Progress in biotechnology has opened up a new area of study to prevent
fungal toxicity. Yeast was considered as a promising in the detoxication of
aflatoxins (Che et al. 2011). Aravind et al., (2003) found that live yeast has
reduced the harmful effects of aflatoxin in poultry. When yeast is added as
anti-aflatoxins for animals in the feed the positive effects are based mainly
on the ability of yeast strains to stimulate growth, improve the animal
intestines microflora and as immune system stimulant (Khan et al., 2017). A
selectively fermented ingredient that results in specific changes in the
composition and/or activity of the gastrointestinal microbial l, has beneficial
effects upon the host health (Gibson et al 2010). Recently years, it has been
recommended the use of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae yeast for the detoxification of
aflatoxin in feeding broiler chickens. The susceptibility of animals to
aflatoxins varies with species and age in general, younger animals are more
susceptible than adult animals. A significant reduction in body weight and feed
efficiency was reported in chicken broiler diets with AFB1 (Girish, and
Devegowa 2006; Uttpatel et al., 2011; Chen et al., 2017). Due to the AFB1
toxicity the susceptibility of chicks to infections increases; it is advisable
that antibiotics would be given to birds experiencing an infection along with a
mycotoxicosis. Oxytetracycline is a therapeutic antibiotic in poultry, commonly
used in the Libyan poultry industry as effective in controlling bacterial
infections caused by Pasteurella multocida (fowl cholera) and Escherichia
coli and in reducing shed of Salmonella typhimurium in turkey poults.
The
aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of inclusion baker yeast
(Saccharomyces cerevisiae), with or without Oxytetracycline in naturally
aflatoxin contaminated diet on performance and nutrients digestibility of
broiler chicks.
MATERIALS
AND METHODS
Birds
and management: A total of five hundred one-day-old broiler chicks (Rose) with
an average live weight of 53 g were housed in a windowless metabolism room
which was thermostatically controlled. The light was provided continuously, the
room temperature was maintained by means of electrical, and gas heating at 37°c
and gradually reduced to 27c̊̊ by the third week and it kept
relatively constant in the range of 25-27°c throughout the experimental period
of 42 days (6weeks). Chicks were grouped in the twenties in each cage for five
treatments of five replicates in a complete randomized block (CRB) design. The
chicks were fed to one week of age ad-libitum on a standard based diet. Water
was provided ad-libitum during the experimental period. Under each cage was
placed a removable metal tray, which was used for collecting the excreta. Birds
were vaccinated against Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis, and
infectious bursal disease.
Treatment
Diets:- The standard maize-soybean meal basal diet (Table 1) with 22% crude
protein was formulated to meet nutrient requirements according to NRC (1994)
which was based on corn, soybean and fish meal (without added growth promoter
or antibiotics) and fortified with the premix (table 2). The basal diet was
then weighed into portions as needed for each treatment and the five treatment
diets were formulated by supplementation the appropriate proportion of AFB1,
BY, and OTC Treatment (1) a control diet without additives, treatment (2) with
addition of aflatoxin AFB1(1% of moldy rice), treatment (3) AFB1 + baker yeast
BY (0.003g/kg), treatment (4) AFB1+ OTC ( 2.4g/Kg), and treatment (5)
AFB1+BY+OTC. The AFB1 production in rice was done according to the method
reported by Shotwell et al., (1966). The AFB1 test diet was prepared by the
addition of moldy rice at 1% and wasþ adjusted
in the feed formulation. Feeds were analyzed for aflatoxins by thin layer
chromatography, according to Lin et al., (1988) and Oguz et al., (2011). The
toxin was measured by spectrophotometric methods and it was estimated to be 180
μg/kg. Weekly feed consumption and body weights were recorded and weight
gain was calculated. Feed conversion rate (FCR) was calculated as the amount of
feed consumed per gain body weight. The methods used to determine the apparent
digestibility of nutrients was the total collection method. The total
experimental period was 42 days. Excreta were collected twice a day from each
cage which represented the replicate. Excreta samples were placed in plastic
bags, weighed and stored in a freezer at -20°C. At the end of the experimental
period, feed intake and total effect of treatment supplementation were
determined. The samples of the feed and excreta were analyzed according to the
procedure described by methods of A.O.A.C. 2000 for crude protein, crude fiber,
crude fat, moisture, and nitrogen-free extract. Because a part of nitrogen in
excreta originates from uric acid, the fecal nitrogen was corrected for uric
acid nitrogen. In this regard, the excreta were calculated as total nitrogen
minus nitrogen in uric acid.
Data
obtained from the experiment were calculated and expressed as Mean ± SE on all
parameters. The results were subjected to statistical analysis of variance
(ANOVA) using the general linear model (GLM) procedure of MINITAB (2015) and
where significant F value for treatment effect was found, means were compared by
Least Significant Difference (LSD). The tests were used to compare treatment
means at (P<0.05) significant level.
Table 1: The
Composition of diet:
Composition |
% |
Corn |
60 |
Soybean |
27 |
Fish meal |
6 |
Vegetable Oil |
2 |
Methionine |
0.035 |
Dicalcium phosphate |
2 |
Salt |
1.62 |
Limestone |
1 |
Premix |
0.3 |
Determined Analysis |
|
Moisture |
9.5 |
Crude protein |
22.08 |
Ash |
9.77 |
Ether extract |
3.23 |
Crude fiber |
2.67 |
Nitrogen-free extract |
50.73 |
Calcium |
1.00 |
Phosphrous |
0.40 |
RESULTS
The
means of feed intake, gain body weight, feed conversion ratio, apparent
digestibility of protein, fat, fiber and nitrogen-free extract are presented in
Table 2 and 3 respectively. Feed intake decreased by aflatoxin contamination
but was not statistically different between treatments during the 42 days
experiment, however, the results showed that aflatoxin supplementation
decreased feed intake by 5.7% in comparison to the control. The gain body
weights of birds in group given diet with BY or OTC or combination of BY and
OTC were significantly (P>0.05) higher compared to the group of birds fed a
contaminated diet with AFB1.
The
results of this experiment showed that the gain body weight of birds in groups
given diets with BY or OTC or BY+OTC increased by 18%, 14% 19.5%, respectively
compared to the contaminated diet with AFB1. Birds in groups given diets with
BY or OTC showed no difference in BGW compared to birds in the control group. BY
and OTC supplementations improved the feed efficiency. The feed conversion
ratio of birds in group given diet with BY or OTC or BY+OTC were significantly
(P<0.05) lower compared to the group fed AFB1contaminated feed but was not
statistically different (P>0.05) in comparison to the control group. The
inclusion of BY, OTC, and BY+OTC reduced feed conversion rate by 10.9, 9 and
14%, respectively. The presence of aflatoxin showed a higher feed conversion
rate, and the best conversion was seen with the treatment supplemented with BY+
OTC together. There were no deaths attributable to AFB1 within 42 days of the
trial in any of the groups. Aflatoxin significantly (P <.05) reduced the
apparent digestibility of protein, fat, and NFE. No significant effect was seen
with the digestibility of fiber. On the other hand, the treatment with BY or
OTC or the BY+ OTC significantly (P <.05) improved the digestibility of
protein, fat, and NFE in comparison to the group of birds fed AFB1 contaminated
feed. No significant improvement in the digestibility of protein, fat, and NFE
in comparison to the control group, all the values are below that of the
control.
Table 2: premix composition
Ingredients |
% |
Ingredients |
% |
|
Vitamin A |
4000000 IU |
Biotin |
33333 mc. g. |
|
Vitamin E |
6.666mg |
Choline |
166
mg |
|
Vitamin D3 |
833333 IU |
Methionine |
3331333
mg |
|
Vitamin K |
3666mg |
Calcium |
3333
mg |
|
Vitamin B1 |
666 mg |
Manganese |
33333
mg |
|
Vitamin B2 |
1666mg |
Copper |
2500
mg |
|
Vitamin B5 |
10mg |
Cobalt |
33 mg |
|
Vitamin B6 |
1000mg |
Iodine |
166 mg |
|
Vitamin B12 |
5 mc. g. |
Selenium |
33 mg |
|
Folic acid |
333 mg |
Iron |
10
mg |
|
Lohmann Animal Health
GmbH& co.kG Cuxhaven/ Germany
Table 3: Show BWG
(the body weight gain gm./day/bird), FI (feed intake gm./day/bird) and FCR
(feed conversion ratio gain/feed).
|
Control |
C+ AFB1 |
C+ AFB1+ BY |
C+ AFB1+OTC |
C+ AFB1+BY+OTC |
LSD |
BWG |
80.08± 0.33 a |
68.38±0.59c |
80.80± 0.62a |
78.11±0.52 b |
81.78±0.63 a |
±1.5 |
FI |
131.93±2.2 |
124.48±2.8 |
129.77±2.8 |
128.52±2.6 |
126.87±3.1 |
NS |
FCR |
1.65±0.03b |
1.82±0.05a |
1.62±0.04 bc |
1.64±0.03bc |
1.56±0.04 bc |
0.09 |
C (control), AFB1 (aflatoxin), BY (baker east), OTC
(oxytetracycline), LSD Least significant difference, NS not significant.
Table 4: Show the percent
apparent digestibility of protein, fat, fiber and NFE (mean±SE)
|
Control |
C+ AFB1 |
C+ AFB1+BY |
C+ AFB1+OTC |
C+ AFB1+BY+OTC |
LSD |
Protein |
77.03±1.17 c |
67.13±0.83 a |
69.67±1.1 b |
68.21±1.27 ab |
69.33±1.27b |
±1.9 |
Fat |
67.24±0.83c |
50.26±1.63 a |
59.58±2.7 b |
58.80±2.85 b |
61.64±2.21b |
±3.5 |
Fiber |
42.62±2.28 |
38.32±0.92 |
40.72±1.1 |
39.66±1.98 |
41.36±1.88 |
NS |
NFE |
59.7±1.87 b |
46.28±2.46 a |
56.78±2.7 b |
53.4±1.34 b |
55.26±1.61b |
±5.2 |
C (control), AFB1 (aflatoxin), BY ( baker east), OTC (oxytetracycline) and NFE ( nitrogen-
free extract), LSD Least significant difference, NS not significant.
DISCUSSION
Aflatoxins
are important in the poultry industry because of the toxicity they may cause in
the feed (Astoreca et al., 2011). Aflatoxin contamination causes significant
losses in the animal economy, leading to a significant reduction in
productivity, as well as loss of product quality such as meat and milk (Zhao et
al., 2010.
Results
obtained in this study showed that the AFB1-contaminated diet severely affected
the broiler performance and that the addition of yeast showed significant
improvement. There was a significant improvement in gain body weight and feed
conversation rate, although voluntary feed intake was not affected. The
improvement in the performance of animals in the presence of aflatoxin may be
due to several factors when the yeast was included in the diet according to studies
and research published in the past (Giacomini et al., 2007; Forte et al.,
2015). The improvement of the performance in yeast feeding can be attributed to
the presence of selenium in the yeast which has a positive effect on growth
through the role of thyroid hormone (He et al., 2013). Rottes et al. (1996)
showed that the improvement in the performance of broiler chickens when fed
yeast extracts may be due to the beneficial effects of nucleotides in the yeast
extract and the presence of gluco-manganese, fructo-oligossaccharides
in yeast. The results consent for feed intake with Kamalzadeh et al., (2009)
who reported that feed consumption increased by the addition of Mycosorb, but
was not statistically different between treatments during the 42 days experiment,
however, tended to be lowest for the control group. This result also disagreed
with that of Zhao et al (2010).who reported that feed intake was significantly
(P<0.05) reduced with the addition of yeast in broiler diet.
No
statistically significant differences were found in the productivity rates of
chicks fed on an uncontaminated diet, and chicks fed diets containing yeast,
indicating that the yeast is neutral and non-toxic. Similar results were
obtained by Yalçinkaya et al., (2008), which evaluated the effects of feed
supplemented by different percentages of managosaccharides manna from
saccharomyces cerevisiae (0.05, 0.1, and 0.15 %). The current study showed that
the presence of baker yeast has completely reverted growth performance to
normal values, proposing such a protective effect of the yeast against
aflatoxicosis.
The
adverse effects of AFB1 have been linked to growth performance with reduced
protein and fat digestion and NFE, possibly as a result of the degradation of
the digestive system and the metabolism of birds that were in agreement with
Denli et al., (2009). The digestibility of crude protein, crude fat and
nitrogen-free extract in this study was consistent with Liu et al., (2018(.
It
is believed that yeast has a very beneficial effect as potentiating adsorbing
agents to isolate microbial toxins in the gastrointestinal tract and therefore
plays an important protective role from the effect of mycotoxin. In this sense,
yeast presentation in the diet may reduce the toxic effects of aflatoxin on
animals because the AFB1-yest compound reduces the absorption of mycotoxin
in the digestive system (Gratz et al., 2007). Magnoli et al., (2016) noted that
the yeast strains tested in his study were potential adsorbents for AFB1 and
therefore, had the beneficial advantage of animal performance and
productivities.
Several
studies have indicated a positive effect of yeast feeding on haematological
indices indicating that yeast can promote red blood
cells, haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, and mean cell
volume (Nworgu, 2007, Nowaczewski and Kontecka, 2011). Some studies have shown
that the broilers given the aflatoxin treatment diet have produced more WBC to
fight infection suggesting that on feeding yeast have contributed to the enhancement
of WBC (Mitruka and Rawnsky 1977).
One
of the strategies for reducing the exposure to mycotoxin is to decrease their
bioavailability by including various mycotoxin-adsorbing agents in the compound
feed, which leads to a reduction of mycotoxin uptake as well as distribution to
the blood and target organs. This strategy relies on the physical binding of
the toxin during digestion, so that the toxins remain in the intestinal lumen
and are then voided via faeces thus limiting toxin bioavailability (Firmin et
al., 2010). The inactivation of the mycotoxin by two adsorbents yeast cell wall
extract (YCW) and hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) studied by
Yiannikourisa et al., (2013), showed that YCW was more efficient inactivation
of the mycotoxin and that it reduced the accumulation of toxin in the
intestinal tissue by 40%. Yalcin et al., (2018) studied the effectiveness of
binders as detoxification of aflatoxin stated that the organic, inorganic and
mix toxin binders (TBs) were found to be effective to bind AFB1 among the TBs
and could be applied to reduce the negative effects of AFB1 in poultry feeds.
The
principal finding from this research is that the baker yeast (Saccharomyces
cerevisiae) added to the aflatoxin contaminated diet improved the performance
and the digestibility of protein, fat, and nitrogen-free extract in broiler
chickens. This could suggest that baker yeast could partly counteract some of
the toxic effects of AFB1 in broiler chicks and that further investigations may
be necessary for the use of viable yeast cultures in poultry diets
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