Effect of Adding Corn Oil, Tallow, And Blend of
Corn Oil And Tallow Diet on Growth Performance and Feed Utilization of Broiler
Chickens
Mujahed Bushwereb, Mahmud Elraghig, Adularazag Kerban, and Aysha Zaidi
Dept. of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and
Nutrition. Faculty of Veterinary, University of Tripoli, Libya
ABSTRACT
The experiment was
performed to evaluate the effect of dietary fat on growth
performance, digestibility of fat and protein in broiler chickens. The
experiment was designed to test corn oil CO, beef tallow BT and a blend of
corn oil and tallow COBT (50:50%) each with the level of 2, 4, and 6 %,
using a complete randomized block design. The feeds were
formulated to maintain a constant ratio of energy to protein.
There were no significant differences in feed intake and protein efficiency
ratio. Birds fed diets with the inclusion of fat had the highest body
weight and feed efficiency these differences were significant compared to the control
group (no added fat. Bodyweight gain and feed
efficiency significantly (p < 0.05) improved with fat addition,
corn oil showed a higher improvement than tallow and
blended COBT fat. The inclusion of fat exhibited a higher body weight
gain by 9%, 6%, and 9% for CO, BT, and COBT respectively as well as
the feed efficiency significantly (p<0.01) increased by 11%, 4%,
and 3% for CO, BT, and COBT respectively, in comparison to the
control group. Broilers fed on diets containing fat showed higher
fat retention and protein accretion than those fed on control diets. While CO
showed significant higher protein retention than BT and blended fat COBT.
The results of this study indicated that the supplementation of corn
oil at 4, and 6% had the best improvements in growth performance and this could
be explained in part by its positive effect on fat and protein digestibility.
Therefore it is concluded that adding fat-based diets improved
broiler performance and feed utilization.
Keywords: Corn oil, tallow, broiler chickens, performance, apparent digestibility,
feed conversion ratio; gain body weight, protein efficiency rate.
INTRODUCTION
The addition of fats and oils in poultry
feeding has become common use in the current days to increase feed energy
content and improve growth performance. Fats are one of the best and most
nutritious sources of energy and are simply added to feed (Leeson and
Summers, 2005). There are many fat sources to use in
the feeding of poultry including animal fat and processed fat (Sanz et al., 2000). Vegetable oils, including
soybean oil, corn oil, and sunflower oil are most commonly added to poultry
diets. The benefits of adding fat to the diet besides as an energy source
improves the absorption process of fat-soluble vitamins reduce the amount of
dust during the feed processed, improves the palatability and taste of
feed, and also found that the added fat decreased the passage rate of
the nutrient elements in the gastrointestinal allowing for better nutrient
absorption and utilization (Baião and
Lara, 2005; Latshaw, 2008). Zaefarian et al., (2015) suggested that the
dietary fat source influenced performance, apparent metabolizable energy and fat retention in broiler
chickens. The results of Elbashier et
al., (2016) showed highly significant differences (p<0.01) between
groups fed 3% beef tallow with the control, in live body weight, body weight
gain, and feed conversion ratio. On the other hand, no significant differences
were found in feed consumption and protein efficiency ratio. Fat digestion is
influenced by the quality of fatty acids, and many studies have
shown that the use of unsaturated fats leads to increased metabolic
energy inferior to saturated fat (Celebi and Utlu, 2004). It has also been reported that lipid
metabolism and deposition of fat in the abdomen of poultry can
be enriched with different dietary fat (Snaz et
al., 2000; Pesti et al.,
2002). (Danicke et al., 2000).
Increasing the sources of fat in poultry feed, decreased the amount of feed
intake and improved feed efficiency (Jeffri et
al., 2010). Newman et al., (2002) clarified that a significant
decrease in feed efficiency was observed when 8% tallow was
added in the broiler diet compared to birds fed sunflower or fish
oil. Observed
as well that the higher proportion of linoleic acid and higher
polyunsaturated/saturated ratio in the composition of the fat of
birds fed with sunflower oil. Substitution of yellow grease by
vegetable oils rich in unsaturated fatty acids (e.g. soybean oil or flaxseed
oil) improved the performance of the chicken and decreases the rate of
abdominal fat deposition (Crespo and Esteve-Garcia,
2002; Ferrini et al., 2008; Wongsuthavas et al., 2008 ). Khatibjoo et al., (2018) recommended
that the supplementation of short-chain fatty acids and medium-chain fatty acids
in broiler diet, may lead to improvement of growth performance.
It seems that the factors affecting the
extent of the animal's utilization of fat, the type and the
level of fat addition. Efforts to ameliorate the performance and
nutrients utilization by supplemental fats can be
useful. Using fat as a cheaper source of energy in poultry diets can
increase economic efficiency in poultry farms by reducing feed costs.
Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effect
of three different fat sources (corn oil, tallow, and a blend of corn oil and
tallow (50/50) fed to broiler on growth performance,
apparent digestibility of protein and fat.
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Eight hundred of one day old
(Shaver) male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 10 treatments (control
and nine treatments) in randomized block design using four replicates per
treatment. The broiler chicks were assigned in groups of 20 to 40
battery cages with wire floors in environmentally controlled rooms.
The bird density was 10 birds per square meter. Under each cage, a
removable metal tray was placed, which was used for collecting
the excreta. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum. Light in the
room was provided continuously, the room temperature was
maintained at 22-35°C throughout the 56 days experimental
period. The chicks were fed to one week of age ad'libitum on a basal diet (Table
l). Rations were formulated to be approximately iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous having
a ratio of energy to protein in the range of 1.65 for all treatment diets to
meet the nutrient requirements for broiler chicks as outlined by the NRC
(1994). Treatment diets were supplemented with 2, 4 and 6%
of different fat sources: corn oil (CO), beef tallow (BT), or a blend of corn
oil with beef tallow COBT (50: 50 %). Mean body weight gain, feed
intake, excreta weight, and feed efficiency were
used to determine the performance and
nutrients utilization of birds. Weekly, the excreta samples from each
cage were collected over a 2 hours period and subsequently frozen,
freeze-dried, and finely ground. Chicks were weighed every week and
feed consumption in each cage was recorded at the same days, and feed
efficiency was calculated for each period (gain weight divided by
feed intake). Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER): Weight gain divided by
protein intake (Kamran et al., 2008). The samples of feed and
excreta were analyzed for gross energy, dry matter (DM, method
945.15), crude protein (Kjeldahl Nأ—6.25, method 990.03), ether extract (method
945.16) and ash (method 967.05) according to AOAC (2000(.
Statistical Analysis
Data obtained from the
experiment was calculated and expressed as Mean ± SE on all
parameters. The results were subjected to statistical analysis of
variance (ANOVA) using the general linear model (GLM) procedure
of MINITAB (2015) and where significant F value for treatment effect
was found, means were compared by Least Significant Difference (LSD). The
tests were used to compare treatment means at (P<0.05) significant
level.
Table
1: The basal diet composition
|
Ingredients |
Kg |
|
Ground yellow
corn |
621.9 |
|
Soybean meal |
356 |
|
Limestone |
10 |
|
De-calcium
Phosphate |
5 |
|
Salt |
3.25 |
|
Di Methionine |
0.35 |
|
Premix * |
3 |
|
Coccidiosis |
0.5 |
|
|
1000 |
|
Moisture % Protein % Ash % Metabolizable
energy Kcal/Kg |
8.5 21 5.7 3057.72 |
*The premix is
shown in table 2
Table 2: The composition of vitamins and minerals premix
|
Ingredients |
mg |
|
Vit A 10000000IU Vit
D3 2000000 IU Vit E 12000 IU Vit K 2000 mg Vit
B1 1500 mg Vit
B2 5000 mg Vit
B6 1500 mg Vit
B12 10 µg Niacin 15000 mg Folicin 600 mg |
Biotin 20µg Choline chloride 150000 mg Methionine 3331 mg Calcium panthothenate 5000 mg Magnesium 80000 mg Copper 8000 mg Cobalt 250 mg Iodine 1000 mg Selenium 150 mg Iron 40000 mg |
LOHMANN Tierzucht GmbH Am Seedeich 9-11 27472 Cuxhaven Germany
RESULTS
The effects of dietary fat sources
on daily body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI) and feed efficiency (FE) are presented
in Table 3. Birds fed diets with the inclusion of fat had the highest body
weight gain and these differences were significant compared to the control
group (p < 0.05). Besides, when CO at 4 and 6 % and
BT at 6% were included in the diets, a significant increase was markedly
improved but this weight gain was more important with the use of CO (p <
0.05). No differences were observed between the type
of fats. Furthermore, during the whole feeding period, the cumulative feed
intake of broilers did not vary significantly (p>0.05) among treated groups.
By contrast, feed efficiency (FE) was significantly different between the
treated group and control group the improvement was 11%, 4%, and 3% for CO, BT, and COBT respectively. The inclusion
of fat significantly (p<0.05) exhibited a higher daily gain by 9%, 6%, and
9% for CO, BT, and COBT respectively as well as feed efficiency (p<0.01)
increased by 11%, 4%, and 3% for CO, BT, and COBT respectively, compared to the
control group. Table 4, shows the digestibility of fat, protein and the protein
efficiency rate. Digestibility of fat significantly (p>0.01) was improved by
the inclusion of fat, CO gave the highest values while no differences were
observed between type of fat. The results showed that the inclusion of 6% CO
was superior in the digestibility of fat in comparison with other inclusion
levels. Protein digestibility (Table 4) was improved significantly
(p>0.01) due to the supplementation of fat in comparison to the control. CO
was higher than BT and the blended COBT. No differences were observed for the
digestibility of protein between BT and the blended COBT. The overall result
showed that no significant differences were found in feed consumption and
protein efficiency ratio. Finally, the addition of fat improved the performance
of broiler and had a significant difference (p<0.01) effect on most
parameters tested, except the feed consumption, and protein efficiency ratio.
Table 3: Effect
of adding corn oil CO, beef tallow BT and mix COBT diet on broiler growth
performance
|
Treatments |
FI ± SEM |
BWG
± SEM |
FE± SEM |
|
Control |
103.3±0.82 |
40.08±0.45 |
0.37±0.001 |
|
CO
2% |
102.9±1.23 |
43.22±0.61 |
0.42±0.001 |
|
CO
4% |
100.6±1.45 |
47.28±1.10 |
0.47±0.001 |
|
CO
6% |
96.9±2.27 |
47.48±0.74 |
0.49±0.013 |
|
BT
2% |
99.6±1.52 |
44.43±0.48 |
0.45±0.002 |
|
BT
4% |
97.7±1.34 |
44.72±0.53 |
0.46±0.005 |
|
BT
6% |
100.6±1.92 |
47.51±0.55 |
0.47±0.001 |
|
COBT
2% |
103.2±1.24 |
44.38±0.69 |
0.43±0.001 |
|
COBT
4% |
101.8±1.60 |
46.15±0.91 |
0.45±0.002 |
|
COBT
6% |
99.4±1.80 |
47.37±1.15 |
0.48±0.009 |
|
LSD |
5.25 |
2.42 |
0.015 |
FE Feed Intake,
BWG Body weight gain, FE Feed efficiency, SEM Standard error of the mean, LSD=Less significant difference
Table 4: Effect
of adding corn oil CO, beef tallow BT and blend CO: BT diet on protein and fat
utilization and protein efficiency ratio of broilers
|
Treatments |
Prot. Dig ±SME |
Fat
Dig ± SME |
PER ±
SME |
|
Control |
73.10±0.63 |
40.08±0.45 |
1.85±0
030 |
|
CO
2% |
80.04±0.81 |
43.22±0.61 |
2.00± 0.001 |
|
CO
4% |
79.89±1.71 |
47.28±1.10 |
2.24±0.002 |
|
CO
6% |
80.24±1.74 |
47.48±0.74 |
2.33±0.001 |
|
BT
2% |
75.02±1.03 |
44.43±0.48 |
2.13±0.011 |
|
BT
4% |
75.92±0.66 |
44.72±0.53 |
2.18±0.023 |
|
BT
6% |
77.81±0.79 |
47.51±0.55 |
2.25±0.004 |
|
COBT
2% |
75.13±0.73 |
44.38±0.69 |
2.16±0.006 |
|
COBT
4% |
76.15±1.05 |
46.15±0.91 |
2.27±0.009 |
|
COBT
6% |
77.10±1.51 |
47.37±1.15 |
2.15±0.04 |
|
LSD |
5.25 |
2.42 |
0.015 |
Dig.
Digestibility, Prot. Protein, PER
Protein efficiency rate, SEM Standard error of the mean, LSD=Less significant difference.
DISCUSSION
The addition of CO or BT or COBT by 2, 4 and 6% in broiler diet led
to an improvement in the BWG and the FE. This shows how important it is to add
fat in broiler diet to maximize the performance and growth rate. As pointed out
by Elbashier et al,.
(2016) the addition of tallow in poultry diets improved the rate of performance
and the feed utilization. This result consistent with the data of Zaefarian et al,.(2015) who
noted that the increase in weight and the feed conversion rate was influenced
by the type of fat. Similarly, Gallardo et al., (2012) showed that
broiler chicks, which fed on a diet containing two different varieties of
canola oil, had a better growth rate compared to the birds that fed on beef
tallow or soybean oil. It is noted in this study that the type of fat has had a
little effect on the performance of broiler. Even though the highest BWG was
observed with 6% of inclusion. This observation confirms the advantage of using
vegetable oils instead of fat as a source of energy for feeding birds. The
improved growth rate is believed to the high percentage of long-chain fatty
acids and the triglycerides contents (Thacker et al., 1994). In this
study, the birds fed on diets containing corn oil showed that daily BWG
increases higher compared with birds fed on tallow. These results agree with
the results and other studies (Alpaslan and Ozdogan, 2005; Latshaw, 2008).â€ڈ â€ڈBalevi and Coskun, (2000) in their study concluded that chicken
consumed feed with corn oil had live weights higher than chicken consumed feed
with sunflower oil, tallow and rendering oil. Most of the published studies
indicate that the BWG appeared similar or less in birds that were fed saturated
fats compared to the birds fed on unsaturated fats (Thacker et al.,
1994; Zollitsch et al.,1997;
Madrazo et al.,2002).
However, other studies did not confirm a difference in the
performance and rates of growth when the birds were fed different sources of
fat (Pesti et al., 2002; Ghazalah
et al., 2008; Firman et al., 2008; Mohammadi et al., 2011). Since as early as in the
eighties, Hulan et al, (1984) found that the
average live weights of chickens fed yellow grease, beef tallow, lard, and
rapeseed oil did not differ significantly. It also did not differ in daily
weight gain and feed intake when sunflower oil or beef tallow were added in the
broiler feed (Sanz et al., 2000). The favourable results of fat inclusion in this study on growth
performance of birds could be explained as due to the positive impact of the
fat sources on the reduction of passage rate of the digesta
through the gastrointestinal tract, allowing for better nutrient absorption and
utilization which resulted in more efficient use of nutrients from the diet as
concluded by the work of Latshaw (2008). It was noted
during the trial, no significant differences in feed consumption for birds
between those fed supplemented with fat than those with no added fat; this can
indicate that the improvement in body weight may be partly due to improved
digestion of nutrients leading to improvement in the absorption process of
nutrients as reflected also on improvement in feed efficiency. Although there
are no significant differences in feed consumption between types of fat used,
the highest consumption found in birds consuming corn oil while the lowest
consumption of feed was with group consuming tallow. This is in line with Elbashier et al, (2016) who noted that the addition
of tallow did not affect the amount of feed consumption. In contrast, feeding
the broiler with tallow resulted in higher feed consumption than those fed on
rapeseed oil (Scaife et al.,1994).
Similarly, Daily food consumption was significantly higher in SO and BT groups
compared to poultry grease (PG), and a mixture of soybean oil with poultry
grease (SPG 1: 1) (Azman et al., 2004).
Moreover, it was also reported that birds fed with feed containing soybean oil
consumed less amount of feed compared to chickens fed feed supplemented with
the tallow (Leeson and Atteh
1995). This may be due to the low level of energy from tallow as compared to
vegetable oils the birds therefore, try to compensate for the missing energy.
This was not the case in this study since the energy available in the diets was
moderate-high over 3000 Kcal/Kg mainly due to the basal components are yellow
corn and soybean meal.
The present study demonstrated that improved feed efficiency when
diets were supplemented with corn oil or tallow. This is in agreement with
Rodríguez et al, (2016) who concluded that the feed conversion
ratio of broiler chicks significantly increased by feeding diets supplemented
with fat sustaining a moderate level of energy. While poorer gain/feed ratios
were observed when diets were supplemented with beef tallow rather than
vegetable oils (Brenes et al., (1993), Langhout et al., (1997), and Preston et al.,
(2001).
The retention of protein was higher for the corn oil than for the
beef tallow diets. Also, the increases in fat digestibility of the diet with
fat inclusion were more pronounced with the CO than with the BT. This is consistent with Moreno et al., (2009) who
concluded that adding a moderate amount of fat in feed improves bird
performance and digestion of nutrients in chicken. Abbas et al., (2016)
observed that dietary supplementation of fat increased overall fat
digestibility in broiler chicks. Results of nutrient digestibility indicated
that the improvements observed in body weight gain and feed efficiency between
corn oil and beef tallow-containing diets were only due to the increase in the
digestibility of fat and protein. Even though, it is well known that beef
tallow is characterized by low digestibility, especially in young birds (Ketels and DeGroote, 1989; Leeson and Summers, 2001).The fat digestion is facilitated
by the combined action of bile acids, lipase, and colipase.
It has been demonstrated that for efficient fat digestion in young chickens the
secretion of endogenous lipase, bile acids, and colipase
are insufficient and continue to develop for several weeks after hatching. Noy and Sklan (1995) reported
that in broiler chickens, secretion of lipase was low at hatching and increased
20-fold between 4 and 21 d of age. Krogdahl and Sell
(1989) reported that dietary tallow and animal-vegetable fat were not
efficiently used until lipase activity reached its maximum level. Beef tallow
contains saturated fatty acids mainly Palmitic and
stark, some unsaturated acids such as oleic acid (Danicke,
2001). Ward and Marquard (1983) pointed out that the
reason for poor digestibility of tallow contributes to the presence of
saturated fatty acids. Danicke (2001) suggested that
the saturated fatty acids in beef tallow are nonpolar and thus rely on an
adequate presence of bile salts for efficient emulsification and micelle
formation. In contrast, crude corn oil mainly contains a long chain of
unsaturated fatty acids, oleic, linoleic, and linoleic (NRC, 1994), which can
easily be digested even in the absence of bile salts (Young and Garrett, 1963).
Nutrient digestibility results indicated that the improvements observed in BWG
and FE between the control diets and the fat supplemented diets were only due
to the difference in fat digestibility and protein digestibility. Results of
fat digestibility showed that the addition of fat in feed was significantly
improved than the control of non-added fat. While no significant differences
were found between types of fat. This could be attributed to the fact that the
results were measured at ages over four weeks presumably chicken have a mature
endogenous secretion of lipase and bile salt.
The improvement in the feed efficiency and growth rate of the broiler
may be due to several reasons, including that fat helps to reduce the rate of
passage of the digesta through the gastrointestinal,
tract which helps to increase the rate of digestion and absorption of feed
nutrients, another point is the presence of long unsaturated fatty acids and
the amount of triglycerides.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, dietary supplementation of fat into a broiler diet
can improve performance, apparent protein, and fat digestibility.
The positive effect of the inclusion of fat was observed during the
five weeks trial. Corn oil, beef tallow and a mixture of CO and BT (50:50)
significantly affected the weight gain, feed efficiency, fat and protein
digestibility no effects were observed for feed intake and protein ratio
efficiency. Supplementation of fat is a must for animals in modern industries
to grow fast and efficient. The main factors that influence fat utilization,
such as level of fat inclusion, type of fat and basal diet compositions,
appeared to play an important role for successful utilization of fat in broiler
feeding, through the variation in the degree of saturated fatty acids.
Considering diets with the same nutritive values, birds fed with rations
containing fat present better performance than birds fed a diet with no fat.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors gratefully acknowledge Dr. Mustafa Hoda
Head of Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture for providing the
facilities and we extend our thanks to Eng. Hasan Aldaeke chief manager of the experimental field station.
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